This is a part of book of Alexei Gorbyliov "The Way of Invisible",
published by "Harvest" publishing company, Minsk, Belarus, 1997.
pp.470-483.
Bujinkan-dojo and Hatsumi Matsaaki
Now in many countries of Europe and America there is very popular
"ninjutsu school" Togakure-ryu, taught in Bujinkan - "House of War's
God", created by japanese Hatsumi Matsaaki (Yoshiaki) on the base of
9 traditional schools of bujutsu. Numerous adherents of Bujinkan
propagandize Togakure-ryu as the only existed real school of
ninjutsu, and Bujinkan - as embodiment of real martial traditions of
"invisible warriors".
According to claims of Hatsumi Matsaaki, he inherited from his
teacher Takamatsu Toshitsugu 9 ancient schools of ninjutsu:
Togakure-ryu, Kumogakure-ryu, Kuki shinden-ryu (Kuki shin-ryu),
Takagi Yoshin-ryu, Gyokko-ryu, Gyokushin-ryu, Koto-ryu, Ginkan-ryu
and Shinden fudo-ryu. Takamatsu studied these schools from Toda
Shinryuken Masamitsu and Ishitani Matsutaro, both of them were tied
with ninja clans from Yiga region: Toda Shinryuken Masamitsu - as
32th patriarch of "the most ancient ninjutsu school" Togakure-ryu,
and Ishitani - as descendant of chunin's family from Yiga.
Let's try to find origin of 9 ryu, which became a "foundation" of
Bujinkan, and see wether they are related to ninja. For this purpose
we will use data from very authoritative encyclopaedia "Bugei ryuha
daijiten" (Vatatani Kiyoshi, Yamada Tadashi "Big encyclopaedic
vocabulary of schools of martial arts", Tokyo, 1969).
Well. Kuki shinden-ryu. It is necessary to look on this school
especially, because almost all weapon techniques of Bujinkan are from
this school, Hatsumi himself don't hide this. Additionally, Kuki
shinden-ryu is very influential school, it made a big contribution in
japanese bujutsu.
Kuki shinden-ryu - "God's tradition of Kuki family" - is a
school of complex martial art (sogo bu-jutsu), it contains sword
fighting methods, long pole fighting methods, short pole fighting
methods, halberd fighting methods, spear fighting methods, methods of
barehand combat in armour (kumiuchi) and without armour (jujutsu),
methods of fighting by chain sickle (kusarigama), methods of shuriken
throwing, methods of military swimming, methods of using incendiary
tools, and methods of ordering the bones (seikotsu).
As can be seen from the school's name, it transferred inside the
Kuki family. Founder of Kuki clan and Kuki shinden-ryu is Kuki
Yakushimaru Kurando Takazane, famous by his exploits during 1330s,
when he fought on the side of Godaigo emperor against Hojo clan and
rebel Ashikaga.
Kuki family belonged to small feudal lords and was very active
in piracy. So, Kuki became famous as beautiful navy comanders. We can
remember famous samurai Kuki Yoshitaka, "admiral" of Oda Nobunaga and
Toyotomi Hideyoshi.
Yoshitaka's grandson, Kuki Sadataka (XVII century) taught family
methods to Okuni Kihei Shigenobu. At this time Okuni was 29th
patriarch of Tyosui-ryu, created (according to legend) by Otomo
Komaro, who studied hand-to-hand combat methods from chinese master
Jian Zhen, who came to Japan during the period of ruling of Koken
empress (749-758). This school is known as "Tyosui-ryu daken-jutsu" -
"Art of punches of Tyosui-ryu". Okuni Shigenobu is the first man of
"outer" branch of Kuki shinden-ryu (as opposite to "inner" branch,
known inside family). It was he, whose tradition was inherited by
Hatsumi Matsaaki. There is NO ANY MENTION that Kuki family was
related to ninja, there is NO ANY MENTION that tradition of this
family was transferred to somebody of "invisible warriors". In family
records we can find words that Okuni Kihei became a yamabushi on
Kumano mountain, but it was in the second half of XVII century, when
yamabushi weren't too warlike, and ninjutsu was close to death.
Non-implication of Kuki shinden-ryu in ninjutsu also can be proven by
the school methods from Hatsumi's videotapes, where weapon methods
(with sword, spear and pole) are performed in heavy samurai armour
yoroi! By the way, in real life "secret ninja methods" of Kuki
shinden-ryu sword fencing has a direct origin from such "samurai"
schools as Katori Shinto-ryu (it was studied by Okuni Kiyozaemon-no
jo from the teacher Takatani Genzaemon) and Bokuden-ryu, founded by
one of the students of Tsukahara Bokuden, successor of Katori
Shinto-ryu and creator of Kashima Shinto-ryu. So, almost all weapon
methods and part of barehand methods of Bujinkan are not related with
ninja traditional hand-to-hand combat methods.
Takagi Yoshin-ryu, other school of Bujinkan curriculum, is a
relative of Kuki shinden-ryu. Takagi Yoshin-ryu - "school of raising
heart of Takagi family" - is a branch of Takagi-ryu - one of the
biggest school of japanese bujutsu. It contains pole fighting, spear
fighting, halberd fighting, shuriken throwing and jujutsu.
According to legend, base of Takagi-ryu was founded by buddhist
monk Unryu - "Flowing cloud" - from Rikuzen province of Northern
Honshu. It was in 1570.
Unryu transferred the art to some Yito Kii-no Kami Suketade, who
based his system on long pole fighting (bo-jutsu) and developed
methods of fighting by spear, halberd, short pole, sword and kodachi.
Since the beginning of XVII century this tradition begin to be
transferred inside small samurai family Takagi, who served to Shiroishi
lords and gave a name to this bujutsu school. A big role in creating
Takagi-ryu was played by Takagi Oriuemon Shigetoshi (1625-1711), who
added some sumo methods and developed 48 barehand combat methods
(tai-jutsu).
There are many legend about Oriuemon. At 1695 for his great
martial arts skill he was promoted to main teacher on 6 kinds of
martial arts of Ovari kingdom. Later he was a bodyguard of Naruse
Hayato.
Takagi Oriuemon taught Takagi-ryu systems to his son Takagi
Umanosuke (1656-?) who began open teaching of Takagi-ryu as complex
bujutsu. Umanosuke called his technique Takagi-ryu tai-jutsu
koshino-mavari, or emono-dori (seizing the weapon), he liked spear
playing very much. At his time Takagi-ryu was spreaded to many parts
of Ovari.
A big contribution in developing Takagi-ryu was made by
Umanosuke's son - Takagi Gennoshin. Gennoshin became yamabushi and
left to holy mountain Kumano, where he met another shugenja - Okuni
Kihei, founder of Kuki shinden-ryu. When 2 masters compared their
schools, they found that Takagi-ryu is more skilled in jujutsu, and
Kukishin-ryu - in bo fencing. Two masters decided to unify their
knowledges, so pole,spear and halberd fighitng methods were added to
Kukishin-ryu, and Kukishin-ryu took from Takagi-ryu many jujutsu
methods. After this barehand methods in Takagi-ryu became called
"dakentai-jutsu" - "art of punching any point of the body".
Later Takagi-ryu was divided onto three branches. One of them,
created by Yishitani Takeoi Masaji, received a name Yishitani Takagi
Yoshin-ryu.
Among Yoshitani's students there were Takamatsu Yoshiyoshi
(father of Takamatsu Toshitsugu) and son - Yishitani Matsutaro.
Matsutaro fled from the home in the childhood, because he couldn't
suffer burden of training, required by his father. He studied
Kukishin-ryu from Akiyama Yotaro and later unified Takagi Yoshin-ryu
and Kukishin-ryu into one system, which was taught to Takamatsu
Toshitsugu. Takamatsu also studied Fujita Takagi-ryu.
We can see, as in the case of Kuki shinden-ryu, that there is NO
ANY RELATIONS between Takagi-ryu and ninja. We have only unproven
claim of Hatsumi that Yishitani family was a chunin's family from
Yiga. But even they received Takagi-ryu NOT BEFORE the second half of
XIX century. But almost all Bujinkan throws are from Takagi
Yoshin-ryu.
These two schools still exist now, you can study them in many
dojo in Japan, their masters hasn't any connection with the line
Takamatsu-Hatsumi. Other 7 schools is ownership of this two "ninja".
There aren't ANY written documents, we had to use only information,
told by Hatsumi Matsaaki.
The most ancient is Gyokko-ryu - "school of yashma tiger" - with
its kosshi-jutsu - "art of bone fingers" - methods of striking
vulnerable points by fingers.
According to claim of Takamatsu Toshitsugu, this school origins
from China of Tang dynasty. It is said that this school was founded
by either emperor's bodyguard, who hadn't big body and power, or
princess, or court's lady. After the falling of Tang dynasty at 907
year many nobles fled to Japan. Among them there was general Cho
Gyokko, who as if transferred to japanese the teaching of
kosshi-jutsu.
This teaching during several centuries was transferred inside
Suzuki family, and in XVI century was moved to Sakagami clan. The
member of this clan, Sakagami Taro Kunishige, became oficial founder
of Gyokko-ryu shito-jutsu - "art of finger's tip". Next patriarch of
Gyokko-ryu was monk Lawer Gyokkan. He taught this methods to four
masters: 1)Sasaki Gendayu Sadayasu; his son Sasaki Goroemon Akiyori
later founded Gyokushin-ryu school, also a part of Bujinkan now;
2)Suzuki Daizen Taro Chikamasu; his follower in 4th generation Fukao
Tsunouma Shigeyoshi founded school Yizumo-ryu of koppo-jutsu ("art
of bones", uses heavy strikes for injuring opponent's bones) which is
lost now; 3)Akimoto Kavachi-no Kami Yoshi; his student Uryu hangan
(judge) Gikanbo founded Gikan-ryu school of koppo-jutsu, also now
part of Bujinkan; 4)Todu Sakyo Yisshinsai, creator of Kotto-ryu
school of koppo-jutsu and as if transferred Gyokko-ryu and Koto-ryu
to famous jonin Momochi Sandai.
Therefore, four schools of Bujinkan - Gyokko-ryu,
Gyokushin-ryu, Gikan-ryu, and, with reserve, Koto-ryu (according to
Hatsumi's claim, Kotto-ryu is also based on the methods, transferred
by general Tyo Busyo, who fled from one of the Korean kingdoms) ARE
NOT INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS, they are variants of the same techniques.
All this schools kept in Bujinkan only. The only source of their
history is "oral stories" of Toda Shinryuken Masamitsu. Of course,
"oral stories" of man, who lived in XIX-XX centuries, are not equal
to real written documents of XVI century. But genealogies, claimed by
Toda, have dozens (perhaps, hundreds) names, missed in all written
documents!
Technical stuff of these four traditions is also interesting.
For all of them the distinguished feature is strikes by the thumb's
tip (boshi-ken) or by the joint of point or middle finger when fist
is vertical, and parries by spring fist strikes like uraken-uchi in
karate. But both these methods are standard in such known schools as
Kuki shinden-ryu and Takagi Yoshin-ryu. And all techniques of such
kind are developed for fighting against opponent WITHOUT armour. Such
jujutsu systems began to formed in Japan since XVII century, after
the finishing wars inside country, when armours weren't used. Kuki
shinden-ryu and Takagi Yoshin-ryu, which use such methods of striking
vulnerable points, were formed at XVII century only. And throwing
methods of these 4 secret schools HAVE NOT ANY DIFFERENCE from Takagi
Yoshin-ryu.
Least of all is known to the author about dakentai-jutsu school
Shinden fudo-ryu - "School of God's transferring of steadfastness".
According to Hatsumi, it was founded by Yizumo kanjia Yoshiteru, who
as if lived at XII century. It is interesting, that Hatsumi Matsaaki
also said that Yizumo-no kanjia Yoshiteru was founder of
Kukishin-ryu. But there is not such a man in official school
genealogy, published in "Bugei ryuha daijiten", but main place in
this genealogy is occupaid by Yizumo-no kanjia Yoshihide, who created
in 1349 year dakentai-jutsu system Kishin-ryu, which was studied by
Okuni Shigenobu, founder of "outer" branch of Kuki shinden-ryu.
Yizumo-no kanjia Yoshiteru also hold main place in ninjutsu
genealogy, published by Takamatsu Toshitsugu. According to this
genealogy, ninjutsu is an art, arising from the one root.
Takamatsu claims, that all martial arts of Yiga habitants origin
from chinese general Yikai (in another reading - Yiyin), who had to
flee from China and staied in the cave on Takao mountain in Yiga. It
was between 1040 and 1050 years.
Yikai knew all aspects of martial art, was a master of
kosshi-jutsu. In Yiga mountains he meet yamabushi Gamon Doshi
(Fujivara Tikata) and Hogembo Tesshin, taught them secrets of
kosshi-jutsu and camouflage method "flying bird" (hityo-no
kakuregata). From them all Yiga tradition of ninjutsu begin. Gamon
Doshi's student, Garyu Doshi, taught Yiga Heinai Yasukiyo (founder of
Kumogakure-ryu - "School of camouflage in clouds"), Hatiryu nyudo and
Yizumo-no kanjia Yoshiteru. Hatiryu nyudo taught Tozava Hakuunsai
(Hakuun Doshi), who was creator of Hakuun-ryu and first patriarch of
kosshi-jutsu school Gyokko-ryu, Yise Saburo Yoshimori - famous chief
of Minamoto Yoshitsune's intellegence service, mage-anchorite Hogen,
and Kimon Heibei. Kimon Heibei taught Kain Doshi, who taught Togakure
Daisuke, founder of Togakure-ryu ninjutsu - main school of Bujinkan.
Tozava Hakuunsai is a start point for the line of ninjutsu tradition,
which reachs Sakagami Taro Kunishige, official foundator of
Gyokko-ryu school, great jonin Momoti Sandai, Todu Sakyo Yisshinsai,
official foundator of Koto-ryu, and even Natori family. Line of
ninjutsu tradition from Togakure Daisuke through Shimu Kosantu reachs
Toda family, Takamatsu Toshitsugu and Hatsumi Matsaaki, and through
Hata Saburo - Ueno family, Narita family and Toda Gohei.
We can see, that almost all famous ninja from Yiga and Koga are
written in this genealogy, all of them are tyed by the lines of
transferring tradition. Ninjutsu origin is connected with shugendo
followers, and Togakure-ryu is the main tradition of Yiga and Koga
ninjutsu. Fine picture! Each famous ninja has its own position here!
One strange thing: why there is no any mention in historical
chronicles NEITHER about Togakure-ryu NOR about Toda family of ninja?
But japanese reseachers were very sceptical when this genealogy
was published. For example, Yamada Tadashi and Vatatani Kiyoshi in
"Bugei ryuha daijiten" wrote: Takamatsu Toshitsugu used fashion on
books about ninja in period after Taisho (1912.7 - 1926.11), created
new genealogy of this art... This genealogy is based on legends, is
very decorated; real persons known by chronicles are mixed with
legendary heroes. Hence it is impossible to check its authenticity."
In reality there is no any historical document which can trace
the transferring of the martial art, for example, from Fujivara
Tikata, named in Takamatsu's genealogy as Gamon Doshi, to Yiga Heinai
Yasukiyo, or from mythical Tozava Hakuunsai to Momochi Sandai. This
genealogy completely deny the real historical process of gradually,
occuring everywhere accumulation of knowledge in espionage and
reconnaissance, and real historical background of this accumulation
and developing - for example, all troubles of Hattori family and
separating the Fujibayashi and Momochi families are missed. It is
interesting that neither Hattori nor Fujibayashi are in this
genealogy.
Personality of "foundator" Yikai also is doubtful. According to
Hatsumi Matsaaki claim, Yikai was general of kidan's goverment, was
defeated in struggle against Song dynasty and had to flee from China
to Japan. But in any work on chinese history we can read that maximum
of kidan's raids on China was in X century, only at 1004 chinese made
peace with enemies, but conditions were hard - they had to pay big
annual tribute. But kidans continued raids, chineses cannot resist
them. Only at 1125 year chinese in alliance with zhurzhens defeated
kidan's state Liao. So, legend of flight of Yikai to Japan in the
middle of XI century don't seems true.
But it is not the most "killing" argument in debunking of
Takamatsu-Hatsumi's genealogy. In "Bugei ryuha daijiten" in
"Togakure-ryu" article we can read: "He (Takamatsu Toshitsugu)
claimed that this genealogy (and such "ninja" schools as Gyokko-ryu,
Koto-ryu, Gyokushin-ryu, Shinden fudo-ryu, Gikan-ryu, Kumogakure-ryu
and Togakure-ryu - we can add) is inherired through the oral
transference (koden) of Toda Shinryuken Masamitsu. But Toda
Shinryuken (Yisshinsai) died at 13th year of Meiji (1879), when he
was 73 years old. Takamatsu was born 4 years later Toda's death!"
It is one of the most mysterious page of Bujinkan's history.
Different sources give us different data of Toda Shinryuken
Masamitsu's and Takamatsu Toshitsugu's lifes. The same "Bugei ryuha
daijiten" in "Gyokko-ryu" article says that Toda Shinryuken Masamitsu
died at the December, 6, of the 4th year of Meiji (1870). Bujinkan's
followers claim that Toda Shinryuken lived during 1824-1909, and
Takamatsu Toshitsugu - during 1887-1972.
It is necessary to add some more interesting detailes to this
confusion. In official genealogy of Takagi-ryu's masters, published
in "Bugei ryuha daijiten", there is Takamatsu Yoshiyoshi -
Toshitsugu's father, who (the reason is incomprehensible for the
author) is not mentioned in ANY work on Bujinkan history. Obviously,
it was he who was the first teacher of the son. It is curious that
besides Takagi Yoshin-ryu's genealogy his name cann't be found
anywhere. The natural question: why Toda Shinryuken's son wasn't
familiar with "secret traditions" of Gyokko-ryu, Koto-ryu,
Togakure-ryu etc, but grandson became a heir?
Also, in books and articles of Bujinkan's followers we cannot
fing any mention about other Toshitsugu's teachers, which belonged to
Kukishi-ryu and Takagi-ryu traditions: Mizuta Yoshitaro Tadafusa,
Tsunono Yaheita Masayoshi etc. By the way, all sources,
which are not related to Bujinkan, call Toda Shinryuken as a kendo
coach in one military college.
What we can say about these "ninjutsu schools" Togakure-ryu and
Kumogakure-ryu? In videotape "Ninpo tai-jutsu of Togakure-ryu
school", produced by japanese company "QUEST", there are several
dozens of hand-to-hand combat methods. Their distinguished feature is
constant using of blinding powder. Also there are methods with using
climbing claws (shuko) and shurikens. In "Ninja conversations"
Hatsumi claims that "Togakure-ryu teach its ninpo tai-jutsu with some
secret kinds of weapon, like senban (kind of shuriken), shinodake
(pipe for breathing) and shuko". Also he tells about Kumogakure-ryu
that this school "is characterised by similar tai-jutsu form with
using kama-yari (kind of spear with side hook)". Also, according to
Hatsumi's words, "Togakure-ryu ... collected the best methods of 9
ryu". After the exploration of Bujinkan schools genealogies it seems
strange: at least 2 of them - Kukishin-ryu and Takagi Yoshin-ryu -
have not any common with Togakure-ryu. In real life, Hatsumi Matsaaki
teach a kind of jujutsu under the name "ninjutsu".
Hatsumi Matsaaki was not the only student of Takamatsu
Toshitsugu, as it can be read in many articles. Hatsumi himself could
find Toshitsugu only through his first teacher Ueno Ki Tyosui, who
was Takamatsu's personal student.
Ueno Ki Tyosuy (Ki Tenshin) was a heir of one of the
Kukishin-ryu's branches, with very long official name: Hontai Kishin
Ueno tenshin-ryu Kuki shinden dakentai-jutsu - "dakentai-jutsu of
God's tradition of Kuki family of the main school of heaven heart of
Ueno family of Kishin branch". Later this name was changed on the
more short Shinto tenshin-ryu - "Shintoist's school of heaven heart".
Foundation of this school was built by Ueno Tatsuemon Tatsukara,
who at the beginning of XVII century combined kenjutsu methods of
Katori Shinto-ryu with toride joint locks of Yitiden-ryu. Later his
descendants accepted many things from Kukishin-ryu and Takagi-ryu,
and from Hozan-ryu ken-jutsu and Yitijo funi-ryu koppo-jutsu.
Adopting methods of other school was continued by the 8th patriarch
Ueno Ki Tyosui, who added karate methods of Shito-ryu and Shindo
Jinen-ryu, methods from chinese kempo and different techniques of big
bujutsu school Asayama yitiden-ryu. So Hatsumi Matsaaki from the very
beginning studied schools taught by Takamatsu Toshitsugu, but in
complicated mix. It is interesting that after Ueno's death many his
students came to Okuyama Ryuho, founder of modern jujutsu school
Hakko-ryu, and became his closest colleagues.
Let's sum up our exploration of Bujinkan ninjutsu. On the data
we have it is possible to make a conclusion that Bujinkan is
complicated mixed system of hand-to-hand combat methods, including
traditions of some ancient bujutsu schools and, possibly, modern
karate, aikido and even chinese kempo. Almost all technical methods
of Bujinkan - all weapon techniques and almost all of tai-jutsu's
throws - are from the Kuki shinden-ryu and Takagi Yoshin-ryu; these
schools have not any connections with ninjutsu clans from Yiga and
Koga. But it is possible that Hatsumi really know some ninjutsu
methods.
The only thing is undoubtful: HATSUMI MATSAAKI DOESN'T TEACH
NINJUTSU. It is obviously from Bujinkan's curriculum. The more
significant thing is that japanese goverment does not concerned by
Hatsumi and his organisation. "Baby can play, if like". It seems to
us that position could be different if Hatsumi really have cool
school of preparing spys, killers, terrorists etc. So, maybe Hatsumi
Matsaaki is a master of martial arts, but he is not ninja, contrary
to wishes of his followers.
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
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Etig W. "Schwertkampf Training der Samurai und der Ninja", Bad-Homburg, 1992.
Hatsumi M. "Hanbo-jutsu", Bad-Homburg, 1992.
Hatsumi M. "Ninjutsu. History and Traditions". Tokyo, 1991, vols.1-9
Kuno M. "Die Samurai", Duesseldorf-Wien, 1981.
Peterson K.C. "Mind of the Ninja", Chikago, N._Y., 1986.
Reid H., Croucher M. "The Way of the Warrior", London, 1995.
Rotermund H.O. "Die Yamabushi", Hamburg, 1968.
Sensei Jay "Tiger Scroll of Koga Ninja", Boulder, 1985.
Turnbull Stephen R. "Lone Samurai and the Martial Arts, Arm & Armour", London, 1991.
Turnbull Stephen R. "Ninja, the True Story of Japan's Secret Warrior Cult", London, 1991.
Turnbull Stephen R. "The Samurai - A Military History", London, 1977.
Weiss A., Philbin T. "Ninja. Clan of Death", N.-Y., 1984.
In japanese:
Vakamori Taro "Shugendo-shi kenkyu (Researching of shugendo history)", Tokyo, 1943.
Vatatani Kiyoshi, Yamada Tadashi ""Bugei ryuha daijiten (Big encyclopaedic vocabulary of schools of martial arts)", Tokyo, 1969.
Yikeguchi Ekan "Mikkyo-no himitsu (Secrets of secret teaching)", Tokyo, 1993.
Kato Kojiro "Kantyo-ni senfukoku nashi (Espionage - war without
declarations)", Changun, 1943.
Kato Kojiro "Sotyo ka botyo ka (intelligence service or security service)", Tokyo, 1941.
Kimura Bumpei "Kyofu-no kindai boryakusen (Terrible of modern diversion war)", Tokyo, 1957.
"Koji ruen (Selected stories about ancient things)" v.43 "Heiji-bu (War arts)", Tokyo, 1969.
"Koji ruen (Selected stories about ancient things)" v.4 "Bugi-bu (Military arts)", Tokyo, 1969.
Kondo Seiyichiro "Gunshi Sanada Yukimura (Military art teacher Sanada Yukimura)", Tokyo, 1985.
Kubota Nobuhiro "Shugendo - jissen shukyo-no sekai (Shugendo - world
of practical religion)", Tokyo, 1991.
Matsuura Rei "Ansatsu (Secret murders)", Tokyo, 1966.
Miyatake Gaikotsu "Meiji mittei shi (History of spys of Maiji era)", Tokyo, 1929.
Momose Meiji "Gunshi-no kenkyu (Researching about military art teachers)", Tokyo, 1983.
Nava Yumiko "Ninjutsu-no himitsu (Secrets of ninjutsu)" in the book:
Nava Yumio, Hikita Tenko, Hiraiva Shirakaze "Ninjutsu tejina-no himitsu (Secrets of ninjutsu and tricks)", Tokyo, 1993.
"Nihon jimmei daijiten (Encyclopaediae of greatest men of Japan)", vols.1-7, Tokyo, 1979.
"Nihon rekishi daijiten (Encyclopaedic vocabulary on Japan's history)", vols.1-12, Tokyo, 1985.
Okuse Heishitiro "Ninjutsu. Sono rekishi to ninja (Ninjutsu. Its history and ninja)", Tokyo, 1963.
Otake Risuke "Katori Shinto-ryu (Katory Shinto Ryu. The Deity and the Sword - parallel english text)", vols.1-2 Tokyo, 1977; v.3 Tokyo, 1978.
Sasama Yoshihisa "Nihon budo jiten", Tokyo, 1982.
Shiba Ryotaro "Fuji-no mon (Gates of Wind's God)", Tokyo, 1962.
"Senran-no Nihon-shi (battles in japanese history)", vols.1-9, Tokyo, 1988.
Hara Yakushi "Nihon daisenso (Great wars of Japan)", vols.1-15, Tokyo, 1982.
Hijibashi Harue "Minamoto Yoshitsune", Tokyo, 1972.
Hirakami Nobuyuki "Gokuyi soden. Koryu bujutsu sosho (Transference of great secret. Bujutsu of ancient schools)", vols.1-2, Tokyo, 1992.
"Heibonsya daihyakka jiten (Encyclopaedic vocabulary of "Heibonsya" publishing company)", vols.1-20, Tokyo, 1984.
Tsubouchi Yuzo "En-no gyojia", Tokyo, 1917.
Yamaguchi Masayuki "Ninja-no seikatsu (Life of ninja)", Tokyo, 1969.
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Opinions about the book "Way of invisible. Real ninjutsu history" and
questions about the work of Moscow center of studing ninjutsu
"Shinobikai" should be sent to the next address:
GORBYLIOV Alexei Mikhailovich,
post/box 19,
Moscow, 121467,
Russia
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